| Study | First stroke | Stroke type | Lesion | Lesion extent | Lesion location |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weiller et al. (1995) | Yes | Ischemic only | Individual lesions | Not stated | Posterior L MCA infarct, lesion to the L posterior STG usually extending to MTG and AG |
| Belin et al. (1996) | Not stated | Not stated | Individual lesions | Not stated, but note that hypoperfusion greatly exceeded the infarct in all but 1 patient | L MCA; 2 also had ACA |
| Ohyama et al. (1996) | Yes | Ischemic only | Extent and location | Mean 33.9 ± 26.3 cc, range 8.1-113.2 cc | L perisylvian |
| Heiss et al. (1997) | Yes | Ischemic only | Individual lesions | Range 27.2-133.2 cc | L MCA; 5 patients had superior temporal damage and 1 had subcortical damage underlying posterior superior temporal cortex |
| Karbe et al. (1998) | Yes | Ischemic only | Extent and location | Range 2-133 cc | L MCA |
| Cao et al. (1999) | Yes | Ischemic only | Individual lesions | Extents are reported in three dimensions | 4 L MCA, 2 L ICA |
| Heiss et al. (1999) | Yes | Ischemic only | Extent and location | Range 4.3-154.3 cc (probably; units not stated) | L MCA; 9 subcortical, 7 frontal, 7 temporal |
| Kessler et al. (2000) | Yes | Ischemic only | Location only | Not stated | 10 L frontal, 6 L subcortical, 8 L temporal |
| Rosen et al. (2000) | Yes | Not stated | Individual lesions | Range 10.7-117.5 cc | L IFG, extending to neighboring areas in most cases |
| Blasi et al. (2002) | Yes | Ischemic only | Individual lesions | Not stated | L IFG and operculum, extending to adjacent cortex and white matter in several cases |
| Leff et al. (2002) | Yes | Not stated | Extent and location | Range 0.5-14% of total brain volume | 9 L but sparing pSTS, 6 L including pSTS |
| Blank et al. (2003) | No | Not stated | Individual lesions | Not stated | L frontal, occasionally extending into temporal |
| Cardebat et al. (2003) | Yes | Mixed etiologies | Individual lesions | Not stated | 4 L subcortical, 2 L prerolandic, 2 L postrolandic |
| Sharp et al. (2004) | Yes | Not stated | Lesion overlay | Not stated | Lesion in vicinity of L STG; no extensive frontal damage; no inferior temporal damage |
| Zahn et al. (2004) | Yes | Not stated | Lesion overlay | Not stated | L MCA |
| Crinion & Price (2005) | Yes | Not stated | Lesion overlay | Not stated | L MCA |
| de Boissezon et al. (2005) | Yes | Mixed etiologies | Individual lesions | Not stated | 5 L non-thalamic subcortical, 2 L thalamic |
| Connor et al. (2006) | Yes | Ischemic only | Individual lesions | Not stated | L IFG and operculum, extending to adjacent cortex and white matter in several cases |
| Crinion et al. (2006) | Yes | Not stated | Lesion overlay | Not stated | 6 L but no temporal damage, 9 L temporal damage excluding anterior temporal cortex, 9 L temporal damage including anterior temporal cortex |
| Saur et al. (2006) | Yes | Ischemic only | Individual lesions | Not stated | L MCA; 4 frontal (2 extending to temporoparietal); 5 temporoparietal (2 extending to subcortical); 4 striatocapsular (2 extending to cortical); 1 frontoparietal |
| Meinzer et al. (2008) | Not stated | Mixed etiologies | Lesion overlay | Range 31.0-236.0 cc | L |
| Raboyeau et al. (2008) | Yes | Not stated | Individual lesions | Range 29.9-195.2 cc | L MCA |
| Richter et al. (2008) | Not stated | Not stated | Individual lesions | Not stated | L |
| de Boissezon et al. (2009) | Yes | Mixed etiologies | Lesion overlay | Range 0.9-43.4 cc | L MCA (7 subcortical, 6 cortical) |
| Fridriksson et al. (2009) | Not stated | Not stated | Lesion overlay | Range 3.0-342.2 cc | L MCA |
| Menke et al. (2009) | Yes | Mixed etiologies | Individual lesions | Not stated | L |
| Specht et al. (2009) | Not stated | Not stated | Lesion overlay | Not stated | L MCA, with greatest overlap in the posterior STG |
| Warren et al. (2009) | Yes | Ischemic only | Lesion overlay | Patients with positive anterior temporal interconnectivity: mean 93.3 ± 24.0 cc; patients with negative anterior temporal interconnectivity: mean 96.1 ± 27.6 cc | L not including anterolateral superior temporal cortex; maximal overlap in posterior superior temporal cortex |
| Chau et al. (2010) | Yes | Ischemic only | Location only | Not stated | 3 L MCA, 2 L frontal, 2 L basal ganglia |
| Fridriksson (2010) | Yes | Ischemic only | Lesion overlay | Not stated | L MCA |
| Fridriksson et al. (2010) | Yes | Ischemic only | Lesion overlay | Not stated | L MCA |
| Sharp et al. (2010) | Yes | Not stated | Lesion overlay | Not stated | Lesion in vicinity of L STG; no extensive frontal damage; no inferior temporal damage |
| Thompson et al. (2010) | Yes | Not stated | Individual lesions | Not stated | 5 L MCA, 1 R MCA with aphasia |
| Tyler et al. (2010) | Not stated | Mixed etiologies | Lesion overlay | Not stated | L |
| van Oers et al. (2010) | Yes | Ischemic only | Individual lesions | Range 6.0-167.3 cc | L MCA |
| Papoutsi et al. (2011) | Not stated | Not stated | Lesion overlay | Not stated | L MCA |
| Sebastian & Kiran (2011) | Not stated | Mixed etiologies | Individual lesions | Range 23-45 cc | L MCA |
| Szaflarski et al. (2011) | Not stated | Not stated | Individual lesions | Not stated | L MCA |
| Tyler et al. (2011) | Not stated | Not stated | Lesion overlay | Not stated | L MCA |
| Weiduschat et al. (2011) | Yes | Not stated | Extent and location | Range 0.7-88.9 cc | L MCA |
| Allendorfer et al. (2012) | Not stated | Ischemic only | Individual lesions | Range 2.8-248.9 cc | L MCA |
| Fridriksson, Hubbard, et al. (2012) | Yes | Not stated | Lesion overlay | Not stated | L MCA |
| Fridriksson, Richardson, et al. (2012) | Yes | Mixed etiologies | Lesion overlay | Range 7.7-420.5 cc | L MCA |
| Marcotte et al. (2012) | Yes | Not stated | Lesion overlay | Range 14.6-295.8 cc | L MCA |
| Schofield et al. (2012) | Yes | Ischemic only | Lesion overlay | Range 24.2-403.6 cc | L MCA |
| Wright et al. (2012) | Yes | Not stated | Lesion overlay | Not stated | L MCA |
| Szaflarski et al. (2013) | Not stated | Not stated | Lesion overlay | Recovered: median 9.2 cc, range 2.2-26.5 cc; non-recovered: median 74 cc, range 5.1-206.0 cc | L MCA |
| Thiel et al. (2013) | Yes | Ischemic only | Individual lesions | RTMS group: 233 ± 197 cc; sham group: 244 ± 243 cc; lesion extent in images appears much smaller than the stated volumes | L MCA |
| Abel et al. (2014) | Yes | Mixed etiologies | Lesion overlay | Not stated | L MCA; 2 also had ACA |
| Benjamin et al. (2014) | No | Mixed etiologies | Lesion overlay | Not stated | L MCA, extending frontally at least into the precentral gyrus or underlying white matter |
| Brownsett et al. (2014) | Not stated | Not stated | Lesion overlay | Not stated | L temporal and parietal cortex; 4 extended into the frontal lobe; no lesions involved ACA territory |
| Mattioli et al. (2014) | Yes | Not stated | Individual lesions | Range 4.4-158.3 cc (possibly; units stated do not seem correct) | L MCA; lesions seem very small in Supplementary Figure 1, but are described as more extensive in Supplementary Table 1 |
| Mohr et al. (2014) | Yes | Mixed etiologies | Lesion overlay | Not stated | L MCA |
| Robson et al. (2014) | Yes | Mixed etiologies | Lesion overlay | Not stated | L MCA; all involved STG extending into IPL and temporoparietal junction; 8 extending into MTL; 4 extending into inferior frontal |
| Szaflarski et al. (2014) | Not stated | Not stated | Lesion overlay | 60.1 ± 57.5 cc | L MCA |
| van Hees et al. (2014) | Yes | Not stated | Lesion overlay | Not stated | L hemisphere |
| Abel et al. (2015) | Yes | Mixed etiologies | Lesion overlay | Not stated | L MCA; 2 also had ACA |
| Kiran et al. (2015) | Yes | Not stated | Lesion overlay | 24.2-431.6 cc | L MCA except for one patient with R MCA and aphasia |
| Sandberg et al. (2015) | Not stated | Not stated | Lesion overlay | Range 0.3-256.0 cc | L MCA |
| Geranmayeh et al. (2016) | No | Not stated | Lesion overlay | Mean 25.4 ± 13.5 cc, range 0.3-168.0 cc | L; modest R involvement in 7 cases |
| Griffis et al. (2016) | Not stated | Not stated | Individual lesions | Range 1.4-52.5 cc | L MCA |
| Sims et al. (2016) | Not stated | Not stated | Lesion overlay | Not stated | L MCA |
| Darkow et al. (2017) | Not stated | Not stated | Lesion overlay | Range 9.7-165.1 cc | L MCA not including hand motor area |
| Geranmayeh et al. (2017) | No | Not stated | Lesion overlay | Mean 41.4 ± 44.4 cc, range 3.8-173.9 cc | L; modest R involvement in 3 cases |
| Griffis, Nenert, Allendorfer, & Szaflarski (2017) | Yes | Not stated | Lesion overlay | Mean 105.2 ± 76.3 cc | L |
| Griffis, Nenert, Allendorfer, Vannest, et al. (2017) | Yes | Not stated | Individual lesions | Mean 105.2 ± 76.3 cc | L |
| Harvey et al. (2017) | Yes | Ischemic only | Individual lesions | Range 36.6-252.1 cc | L MCA |
| Nardo et al. (2017) | Yes | Not stated | Lesion overlay | Not stated | L MCA |
| Nenert et al. (2017) | Yes | Ischemic only | Lesion overlay | Not stated | L MCA |
| Qiu et al. (2017) | Yes | Mixed etiologies | Not at all | Not stated | L |
| Skipper-Kallal et al. (2017a) | Not stated | Not stated | Lesion overlay | Mean 27.5 ± 22.9 cc | L MCA |
| Skipper-Kallal et al. (2017b) | Not stated | Not stated | Lesion overlay | Not stated | L MCA |
| Dietz et al. (2018) | Yes | Ischemic only | Individual lesions | AAC group: range 7849-30570 voxels; usual care group: 1583-30110 voxels (voxel size not stated) | L MCA |
| Hallam et al. (2018) | Not stated | Not stated | Lesion overlay | Not stated | L IFG plus other MCA regions; vATL and pMTG spared |
| Nenert et al. (2018) | No | Ischemic only | Lesion overlay | Not stated | L MCA; mostly posterior per Supplementary Figure 2 |
| Pillay et al. (2018) | Not stated | Ischemic only | Lesion overlay | Mean 73.4 ± 58.6 cc, range 6.7-227.0 cc | 17 L MCA, 2 combined L MCA/ACA, combined 2 L MCA/PCA |
| Szaflarski et al. (2018) | Yes | Not stated | Individual lesions | Not stated | L MCA |
| van de Sandt-Koenderman et al. (2018) | Not stated | Not stated | Extent and location | Subacute: range 32.4-141.2 cc (no lesion extent was reported for one subacute participant because there was no tissue loss yet); chronic: range 27.4-87.9 cc | 8 L MCA, 1 L SMA and R insular-temporoparietal |
| van Oers et al. (2018) | Yes | Ischemic only | Lesion overlay | Range 9-208 cc | L MCA |
| Barbieri et al. (2019) | Yes | Mixed etiologies | Lesion overlay | Not stated | Mostly L MCA but some lesions include PCA or ACA territory |
| Johnson et al. (2019) | Not stated | Not stated | Lesion overlay | Treated group: 136.6 ± 81.1 cc, range 11.7-317.1 cc; untreated group: 112.7 ± 94.6 cc, range 1.6-317.1 cc | Mostly MCA with a few extending into PCA |
| Kristinsson et al. (2019) | No | Mixed etiologies | Lesion overlay | Typical BDNF genotype group: 121.4 ± 73.2 cc; atypical BDNF genotype group: 142.2 ± 88.4 cc | L MCA |
| Purcell et al. (2019) | Yes | Not stated | Lesion overlay | Range 7.7-215.0 cc | L MCA with L ventral occipitotemporal cortex mostly intact |
| Sreedharan, Chandran, et al. (2019) | Not stated | Not stated | Individual lesions | Not stated | 7 L MCA, 1 bilateral MCA |
| Hartwigsen et al. (2020) | Yes | Ischemic only | Lesion overlay | Range 11.9-176.3 cc | Left temporo-parietal cortex; maximal overlap in SMG |
| Stockert et al. (2020) | Yes | Ischemic only | Lesion overlay | Frontal group: mean 69.3 ± 34.0 cc, range 12.3-76.6 cc; temporo-parietal group: mean 54.8 ± 41.1 cc, range 6.2-108.5 cc | L MCA, frontal (n = 17) or temporo-parietal (n = 17) |
First stroke = First stroke only?; Lesion [column] = To what extent is the lesion distribution characterized?; AAC = Augmentative and Alternative Communication; ACA = anterior cerebral artery; AG = angular gyrus; cc = cubic centimeters; ICA = internal carotid artery; IFG = inferior frontal gyrus; IPL = inferior parietal lobule; L = left; MCA = middle cerebral artery; MTG = middle temporal gyrus; MTL = medial temporal lobe; PCA = posterior cerebral artery; pMTG = posterior middle temporal gyrus; pSTS = posterior superior temporal sulcus; R = right; rTMS = repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; SMA = supplementary motor area; STG = superior temporal gyrus; vATL = ventral anterior temporal lobe; Yellow underline = minor limitation; Orange underline = moderate limitation.
