| Language | Dutch |
| Inclusion criteria | MCA; mRS < 3; able to perform at least 2 out of the 3 tasks |
| Number of individuals with aphasia | 13 |
| Number of control participants | 13 |
| Were any of the participants included in any previous studies? | No |
| Is age reported for patients and controls, and matched? | Yes (mean 53 ± 14 years, range 29-74 years) |
| Is sex reported for patients and controls, and matched? | Yes (males: 4; females: 9) |
| Is handedness reported for patients and controls, and matched? | No (right: 13; left: 0; not stated for controls) |
| Is time post stroke onset reported and appropriate to the study design? | Yes (range 1.3-4.7 years) |
| To what extent is the nature of aphasia characterized? | Comprehensive battery |
| Language evaluation | AAT, BNT, TT |
| Aphasia severity | 4 moderate, 4 severe, 3 recovered, 2 mild; all had aphasia initially |
| Aphasia type | 5 anomic, 4 Broca's, 3 recovered, 1 Wernicke's |
| First stroke only? | Yes |
| Stroke type | Ischemic only |
| To what extent is the lesion distribution characterized? | Individual lesions |
| Lesion extent | Range 6.0-167.3 cc |
| Lesion location | L MCA |
| Participants notes | — |
| Modality | fMRI |
| Is the study cross-sectional or longitudinal? | Cross-sectional |
| If longitudinal, at what time point(s) were imaging data acquired? | Behavioral data (TT and a naming measure) were also acquired subacutely (mean 26 ± 18 days, range 5-56 days) |
| If longitudinal, was there any intervention between the time points? | — |
| Is the scanner described? | Yes (Philips Achieva 3 Tesla) |
| Is the timing of stimulus presentation and image acquisition clearly described and appropriate? | Yes |
| Design type | Block |
| Total images acquired | 3036 |
| Are the imaging acquisition parameters, including coverage, adequately described and appropriate? | Yes (whole brain) |
| Is preprocessing and intrasubject coregistration adequately described and appropriate? | Yes |
| Is first level model fitting adequately described and appropriate? | Yes |
| Is intersubject normalization adequately described and appropriate? | Yes |
| Imaging notes | breath holding scan also done to measure hemodynamic responsiveness |
| Language condition | Written word-picture matching |
| Control condition | Visual decision |
| Are the conditions matched for visual demands? | No |
| Are the conditions matched for auditory demands? | Yes |
| Are the conditions matched for motor demands? | Yes |
| Are the conditions matched for cognitive/executive demands? | No |
| Is accuracy matched between the language and control tasks for all relevant groups? | Unknown, not reported |
| Is reaction time matched between the language and control tasks for all relevant groups? | Unknown, not reported |
| Behavioral data notes | Accuracy not reported for control condition |
| Are control data reported in this paper or another that is referenced? | Yes |
| Does the contrast selectively activate plausible relevant language regions in the control group? | Somewhat |
| Are activations lateralized in the control data? | Somewhat |
| Control activation notes | — |
| Contrast notes | Not clearly stated that language tasks were contrasted only with arrow decision task and not rest for the first two contrasts, but this can be inferred |
| Language condition | Semantic decision |
| Control condition | Visual decision |
| Are the conditions matched for visual demands? | No |
| Are the conditions matched for auditory demands? | Yes |
| Are the conditions matched for motor demands? | Yes |
| Are the conditions matched for cognitive/executive demands? | No |
| Is accuracy matched between the language and control tasks for all relevant groups? | Unknown, not reported |
| Is reaction time matched between the language and control tasks for all relevant groups? | Unknown, not reported |
| Behavioral data notes | Accuracy not reported for control condition |
| Are control data reported in this paper or another that is referenced? | Yes |
| Does the contrast selectively activate plausible relevant language regions in the control group? | Somewhat |
| Are activations lateralized in the control data? | Somewhat |
| Control activation notes | — |
| Contrast notes | Not clearly stated that language tasks were contrasted only with arrow decision task and not rest for the first two contrasts, but this can be inferred |
| Language condition | Verb generation |
| Control condition | Rest |
| Are the conditions matched for visual demands? | No |
| Are the conditions matched for auditory demands? | Yes |
| Are the conditions matched for motor demands? | Yes |
| Are the conditions matched for cognitive/executive demands? | No |
| Is accuracy matched between the language and control tasks for all relevant groups? | N/A, tasks not comparable |
| Is reaction time matched between the language and control tasks for all relevant groups? | N/A, tasks not comparable |
| Behavioral data notes | — |
| Are control data reported in this paper or another that is referenced? | Yes |
| Does the contrast selectively activate plausible relevant language regions in the control group? | Somewhat |
| Are activations lateralized in the control data? | Somewhat |
| Control activation notes | — |
| Contrast notes | — |
| First level contrast | Written word-picture matching vs visual decision |
| Analysis class | Cross-sectional aphasia vs control |
| Group(s) | Aphasia vs control |
| Covariate | — |
| Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved? | Yes |
| Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Behavioral data notes | Accuracy not reported for control condition |
| Type of analysis | Regions of interest (ROI) |
| ROI type | Mixed |
| How many ROIs are there? | 7 |
| What are the ROI(s)? | (1) L anterior language region (IFG); (2) L posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG); (3) R anterior language region (IFG); (4) R posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG); (5) frontal LI; (6) temporal LI; (7) whole network LI |
| How are the ROI(s) defined? | WFU pickatlas |
| Correction for multiple comparisons | No correction |
| Statistical details | — |
| Findings | ↓ L IFG
↓ LI (language network)
↓ LI (frontal) |
| Findings notes | — |
| First level contrast | Semantic decision vs visual decision |
| Analysis class | Cross-sectional aphasia vs control |
| Group(s) | Aphasia vs control |
| Covariate | — |
| Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved? | Yes |
| Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Behavioral data notes | Accuracy not reported for control condition |
| Type of analysis | Regions of interest (ROI) |
| ROI type | Mixed |
| How many ROIs are there? | 7 |
| What are the ROI(s)? | (1) L anterior language region (IFG); (2) L posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG); (3) R anterior language region (IFG); (4) R posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG); (5) frontal LI; (6) temporal LI; (7) whole network LI |
| How are the ROI(s) defined? | WFU pickatlas |
| Correction for multiple comparisons | No correction |
| Statistical details | — |
| Findings | ↓ L IFG
↓ LI (language network)
↓ LI (frontal) |
| Findings notes | — |
| First level contrast | Verb generation vs rest |
| Analysis class | Cross-sectional aphasia vs control |
| Group(s) | Aphasia vs control |
| Covariate | — |
| Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved? | Yes |
| Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Behavioral data notes | — |
| Type of analysis | Regions of interest (ROI) |
| ROI type | Mixed |
| How many ROIs are there? | 7 |
| What are the ROI(s)? | (1) L anterior language region (IFG); (2) L posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG); (3) R anterior language region (IFG); (4) R posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG); (5) frontal LI; (6) temporal LI; (7) whole network LI |
| How are the ROI(s) defined? | WFU pickatlas |
| Correction for multiple comparisons | No correction |
| Statistical details | — |
| Findings | ↓ L IFG
↓ LI (language network)
↓ LI (frontal) |
| Findings notes | — |
| First level contrast | Written word-picture matching vs visual decision |
| Analysis class | Cross-sectional correlation with language or other measure |
| Group(s) | Aphasia |
| Covariate | Picture-word matching accuracy |
| Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved? | Yes |
| Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast? | Accuracy is covariate |
| Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Behavioral data notes | — |
| Type of analysis | Regions of interest (ROI) |
| ROI type | Mixed |
| How many ROIs are there? | 7 |
| What are the ROI(s)? | (1) L anterior language region (IFG); (2) L posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG); (3) R anterior language region (IFG); (4) R posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG); (5) frontal LI; (6) temporal LI; (7) whole network LI |
| How are the ROI(s) defined? | WFU pickatlas |
| Correction for multiple comparisons | No correction |
| Statistical details | — |
| Findings | None |
| Findings notes | — |
| First level contrast | Semantic decision vs visual decision |
| Analysis class | Cross-sectional correlation with language or other measure |
| Group(s) | Aphasia |
| Covariate | Semantic decision accuracy |
| Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved? | Yes |
| Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast? | Accuracy is covariate |
| Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Behavioral data notes | — |
| Type of analysis | Regions of interest (ROI) |
| ROI type | Mixed |
| How many ROIs are there? | 7 |
| What are the ROI(s)? | (1) L anterior language region (IFG); (2) L posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG); (3) R anterior language region (IFG); (4) R posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG); (5) frontal LI; (6) temporal LI; (7) whole network LI |
| How are the ROI(s) defined? | WFU pickatlas |
| Correction for multiple comparisons | No correction |
| Statistical details | — |
| Findings | None |
| Findings notes | — |
| First level contrast | Written word-picture matching vs visual decision |
| Analysis class | Cross-sectional correlation with language or other measure |
| Group(s) | Aphasia |
| Covariate | Overall language measure |
| Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved? | Yes |
| Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Behavioral data notes | — |
| Type of analysis | Regions of interest (ROI) |
| ROI type | Mixed |
| How many ROIs are there? | 7 |
| What are the ROI(s)? | (1) L anterior language region (IFG); (2) L posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG); (3) R anterior language region (IFG); (4) R posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG); (5) frontal LI; (6) temporal LI; (7) whole network LI |
| How are the ROI(s) defined? | WFU pickatlas |
| Correction for multiple comparisons | No correction |
| Statistical details | — |
| Findings | None |
| Findings notes | — |
| First level contrast | Semantic decision vs visual decision |
| Analysis class | Cross-sectional correlation with language or other measure |
| Group(s) | Aphasia |
| Covariate | Overall language measure |
| Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved? | Yes |
| Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Behavioral data notes | — |
| Type of analysis | Regions of interest (ROI) |
| ROI type | Mixed |
| How many ROIs are there? | 7 |
| What are the ROI(s)? | (1) L anterior language region (IFG); (2) L posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG); (3) R anterior language region (IFG); (4) R posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG); (5) frontal LI; (6) temporal LI; (7) whole network LI |
| How are the ROI(s) defined? | WFU pickatlas |
| Correction for multiple comparisons | No correction |
| Statistical details | Not clear if it was LI for whole language network |
| Findings | ↑ LI (language network) |
| Findings notes | — |
| First level contrast | Verb generation vs rest |
| Analysis class | Cross-sectional correlation with language or other measure |
| Group(s) | Aphasia |
| Covariate | Overall language measure |
| Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved? | Yes |
| Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Behavioral data notes | — |
| Type of analysis | Regions of interest (ROI) |
| ROI type | Mixed |
| How many ROIs are there? | 7 |
| What are the ROI(s)? | (1) L anterior language region (IFG); (2) L posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG); (3) R anterior language region (IFG); (4) R posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG); (5) frontal LI; (6) temporal LI; (7) whole network LI |
| How are the ROI(s) defined? | WFU pickatlas |
| Correction for multiple comparisons | No correction |
| Statistical details | — |
| Findings | None |
| Findings notes | — |
| First level contrast | Written word-picture matching vs visual decision |
| Analysis class | Cross-sectional correlation with language or other measure |
| Group(s) | Aphasia |
| Covariate | Lesion volume |
| Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved? | Yes |
| Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Behavioral data notes | — |
| Type of analysis | Regions of interest (ROI) |
| ROI type | Anatomical |
| How many ROIs are there? | 2 |
| What are the ROI(s)? | (1) R anterior language region (IFG); (2) R posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG) |
| How are the ROI(s) defined? | WFU pickatlas |
| Correction for multiple comparisons | No correction |
| Statistical details | — |
| Findings | None |
| Findings notes | — |
| First level contrast | Semantic decision vs visual decision |
| Analysis class | Cross-sectional correlation with language or other measure |
| Group(s) | Aphasia |
| Covariate | Lesion volume |
| Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved? | Yes |
| Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Behavioral data notes | — |
| Type of analysis | Regions of interest (ROI) |
| ROI type | Anatomical |
| How many ROIs are there? | 2 |
| What are the ROI(s)? | (1) R anterior language region (IFG); (2) R posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG) |
| How are the ROI(s) defined? | WFU pickatlas |
| Correction for multiple comparisons | No correction |
| Statistical details | — |
| Findings | None |
| Findings notes | — |
| First level contrast | Verb generation vs rest |
| Analysis class | Cross-sectional correlation with language or other measure |
| Group(s) | Aphasia |
| Covariate | Lesion volume |
| Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved? | Yes |
| Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Behavioral data notes | — |
| Type of analysis | Regions of interest (ROI) |
| ROI type | Anatomical |
| How many ROIs are there? | 2 |
| What are the ROI(s)? | (1) R anterior language region (IFG); (2) R posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG) |
| How are the ROI(s) defined? | WFU pickatlas |
| Correction for multiple comparisons | No correction |
| Statistical details | — |
| Findings | None |
| Findings notes | — |
| First level contrast | Written word-picture matching vs visual decision |
| Analysis class | Cross-sectional correlation with language or other measure |
| Group(s) | Aphasia |
| Covariate | Damage to L hemisphere language regions |
| Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved? | Yes |
| Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Behavioral data notes | — |
| Type of analysis | Regions of interest (ROI) |
| ROI type | Anatomical |
| How many ROIs are there? | 2 |
| What are the ROI(s)? | (1) R anterior language region (IFG); (2) R posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG) |
| How are the ROI(s) defined? | WFU pickatlas |
| Correction for multiple comparisons | No correction |
| Statistical details | — |
| Findings | None |
| Findings notes | — |
| First level contrast | Semantic decision vs visual decision |
| Analysis class | Cross-sectional correlation with language or other measure |
| Group(s) | Aphasia |
| Covariate | Damage to L hemisphere language regions |
| Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved? | Yes |
| Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Behavioral data notes | — |
| Type of analysis | Regions of interest (ROI) |
| ROI type | Anatomical |
| How many ROIs are there? | 2 |
| What are the ROI(s)? | (1) R anterior language region (IFG); (2) R posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG) |
| How are the ROI(s) defined? | WFU pickatlas |
| Correction for multiple comparisons | No correction |
| Statistical details | — |
| Findings | None |
| Findings notes | — |
| First level contrast | Verb generation vs rest |
| Analysis class | Cross-sectional correlation with language or other measure |
| Group(s) | Aphasia |
| Covariate | Damage to L hemisphere language regions |
| Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved? | Yes |
| Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Behavioral data notes | — |
| Type of analysis | Regions of interest (ROI) |
| ROI type | Anatomical |
| How many ROIs are there? | 2 |
| What are the ROI(s)? | (1) R anterior language region (IFG); (2) R posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG) |
| How are the ROI(s) defined? | WFU pickatlas |
| Correction for multiple comparisons | No correction |
| Statistical details | — |
| Findings | None |
| Findings notes | — |
| First level contrast | Written word-picture matching vs visual decision |
| Analysis class | Cross-sectional correlation with language or other measure |
| Group(s) | Aphasia |
| Covariate | Previous (current vs subacute) Δ naming |
| Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved? | No (current activation will reflect not just prior recovery, but also current language function) |
| Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Behavioral data notes | — |
| Type of analysis | Regions of interest (ROI) |
| ROI type | Anatomical |
| How many ROIs are there? | 7 |
| What are the ROI(s)? | (1) L anterior language region (IFG); (2) L posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG); (3) R anterior language region (IFG); (4) R posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG); (5) frontal LI; (6) temporal LI; (7) whole network LI |
| How are the ROI(s) defined? | WFU pickatlas |
| Correction for multiple comparisons | No correction |
| Statistical details | — |
| Findings | None |
| Findings notes | — |
| First level contrast | Semantic decision vs visual decision |
| Analysis class | Cross-sectional correlation with language or other measure |
| Group(s) | Aphasia |
| Covariate | Previous (current vs subacute) Δ naming |
| Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved? | No (current activation will reflect not just prior recovery, but also current language function) |
| Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Behavioral data notes | — |
| Type of analysis | Regions of interest (ROI) |
| ROI type | Anatomical |
| How many ROIs are there? | 7 |
| What are the ROI(s)? | (1) L anterior language region (IFG); (2) L posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG); (3) R anterior language region (IFG); (4) R posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG); (5) frontal LI; (6) temporal LI; (7) whole network LI |
| How are the ROI(s) defined? | WFU pickatlas |
| Correction for multiple comparisons | No correction |
| Statistical details | — |
| Findings | ↑ L IFG |
| Findings notes | — |
| First level contrast | Verb generation vs rest |
| Analysis class | Cross-sectional correlation with language or other measure |
| Group(s) | Aphasia |
| Covariate | Previous (current vs subacute) Δ naming |
| Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved? | No (current activation will reflect not just prior recovery, but also current language function) |
| Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Behavioral data notes | — |
| Type of analysis | Regions of interest (ROI) |
| ROI type | Anatomical |
| How many ROIs are there? | 7 |
| What are the ROI(s)? | (1) L anterior language region (IFG); (2) L posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG); (3) R anterior language region (IFG); (4) R posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG); (5) frontal LI; (6) temporal LI; (7) whole network LI |
| How are the ROI(s) defined? | WFU pickatlas |
| Correction for multiple comparisons | No correction |
| Statistical details | — |
| Findings | ↑ L IFG |
| Findings notes | — |
| First level contrast | Written word-picture matching vs visual decision |
| Analysis class | Cross-sectional correlation with language or other measure |
| Group(s) | Aphasia |
| Covariate | Previous (current vs subacute) Δ TT |
| Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved? | No (current activation will reflect not just prior recovery, but also current language function; TT not optimal measure of overall language function) |
| Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Behavioral data notes | — |
| Type of analysis | Regions of interest (ROI) |
| ROI type | Anatomical |
| How many ROIs are there? | 7 |
| What are the ROI(s)? | (1) L anterior language region (IFG); (2) L posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG); (3) R anterior language region (IFG); (4) R posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG); (5) frontal LI; (6) temporal LI; (7) whole network LI |
| How are the ROI(s) defined? | WFU pickatlas |
| Correction for multiple comparisons | No correction |
| Statistical details | — |
| Findings | None |
| Findings notes | — |
| First level contrast | Semantic decision vs visual decision |
| Analysis class | Cross-sectional correlation with language or other measure |
| Group(s) | Aphasia |
| Covariate | Previous (current vs subacute) Δ TT |
| Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved? | No (current activation will reflect not just prior recovery, but also current language function; TT not optimal measure of overall language function) |
| Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Behavioral data notes | — |
| Type of analysis | Regions of interest (ROI) |
| ROI type | Anatomical |
| How many ROIs are there? | 7 |
| What are the ROI(s)? | (1) L anterior language region (IFG); (2) L posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG); (3) R anterior language region (IFG); (4) R posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG); (5) frontal LI; (6) temporal LI; (7) whole network LI |
| How are the ROI(s) defined? | WFU pickatlas |
| Correction for multiple comparisons | No correction |
| Statistical details | — |
| Findings | ↑ L IFG
↑ R IFG |
| Findings notes | — |
| First level contrast | Verb generation vs rest |
| Analysis class | Cross-sectional correlation with language or other measure |
| Group(s) | Aphasia |
| Covariate | Previous (current vs subacute) Δ TT |
| Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved? | No (current activation will reflect not just prior recovery, but also current language function; TT not optimal measure of overall language function) |
| Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Behavioral data notes | — |
| Type of analysis | Regions of interest (ROI) |
| ROI type | Anatomical |
| How many ROIs are there? | 7 |
| What are the ROI(s)? | (1) L anterior language region (IFG); (2) L posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG); (3) R anterior language region (IFG); (4) R posterior language region (AG, SMG, STG, MTG); (5) frontal LI; (6) temporal LI; (7) whole network LI |
| How are the ROI(s) defined? | WFU pickatlas |
| Correction for multiple comparisons | No correction |
| Statistical details | — |
| Findings | ↑ L IFG
↑ R IFG |
| Findings notes | — |
